P-Value [Two-Sample Z-Procedure]

The Problem

Example #498: Let us test whether the mean height of population 1 is the same as that of population 2. In symbols, this is:

H₀ : μ₁ − μ₂ = 0
H_A : μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 0

To test this hypothesis, we collect data. The data from population 1 are:

53, 52, 48, 31, 47, 42, 32, 37, 44, 44, 32, 29, 55, 51, 39, 55, 41, 38, 50, 50, 53, 48, 33, 47, 32, 48, 33, 35, 44, 51, 45, 52, 53, 38, 38, 49, 66, 46, 45, 39, 44, 42, 49, 52, 41, 31, 44, 43, 45, 39, 43, 47, 40

The data from population 2 are:

46, 58, 40, 36, 46, 47, 59, 41, 34, 59, 45, 44, 28, 37, 47, 38, 54, 55, 36, 55, 36, 39, 51, 48, 47, 48, 44, 44, 12, 47, 32, 53, 60, 57, 53, 42, 41, 56, 43, 67, 43, 52, 60, 52, 34, 56, 58, 41

In addition to these data, we also know that the data are generated from two independent Normal processes (they each come from Normally distributed populations) and that the standard deviations of the populations are σ₁ = 9 and σ₂ = 9. With this information, calculate the test statistic corresponding to the null hypothesis.

Information given:

To summarize the above, the values of import are:

Summary statistics from the problem
\( \mu_d \)	=	0

\( \bar{x}_1 \)	=	43.8679
\( \bar{x}_2 \)	=	46.2708

\( \sigma_1 \)	=	9
\( \sigma_2 \)	=	9

\( n_1 \)	=	53
\( n_2 \)	=	48

\( z \)	=	-1.34

For assistance on calculating the test statistic, see the Two-Sample Z-Procedure tutorial. You may want to calculate these values yourself then hover your mouse over the grey spaces to see if you calculated them correctly.

Your Answer

In the box below, please enter the p-value for the null hypothesis and the data given above. Once you have done so, click on the “Check your answer!” button. Please round your answer to the ten-thousandths place.

Your guess:

Another Set of Data

Would you like to continue working on this topic? If so, click here for another data set.

Assistance

Show Formula

Show Solution

Show the R Code

Hide the R Code

The z-procedures are sensitive to knowing the population variance. Logic dictates that if we do not know the population mean, then we will not know the population variance. As such, the z-procedures are rarely used now. As such, there is no z-test in the base R package.

The following code will perform the above steps, however. Copy and paste the following code into your R script window, then run it from there.

mud = 0

sigma1 = 9

sigma2 = 9

sample1 = c(53, 52, 48, 31, 47, 42, 32, 37, 44, 44, 32, 29, 55, 51, 39, 55, 41, 38, 50, 50, 53, 48, 33, 47, 32, 48, 33, 35, 44, 51, 45, 52, 53, 38, 38, 49, 66, 46, 45, 39, 44, 42, 49, 52, 41, 31, 44, 43, 45, 39, 43, 47, 40)

sample2 = c(46, 58, 40, 36, 46, 47, 59, 41, 34, 59, 45, 44, 28, 37, 47, 38, 54, 55, 36, 55, 36, 39, 51, 48, 47, 48, 44, 44, 12, 47, 32, 53, 60, 57, 53, 42, 41, 56, 43, 67, 43, 52, 60, 52, 34, 56, 58, 41)

xbar1 = mean(sample1)

xbar2 = mean(sample2)

n1 = length(sample1)

n2 = length(sample2)

se = sqrt( sigma1^2/n1 + sigma2^2/n2 )

ts = (xbar1-xbar2-mud)/se

2*pnorm(-abs(ts))

In the R output, the p-value is the number output by the script.

For practical reasons, the base R installation does not contain the z-procedures. However, I have created one for pedagogical purposes. If you are connected to the Internet, the following will also calculate the p-value:

source("http://rfs.kvasaheim.com/Rfctns/z.test.R")

sample1 = c(53, 52, 48, 31, 47, 42, 32, 37, 44, 44, 32, 29, 55, 51, 39, 55, 41, 38, 50, 50, 53, 48, 33, 47, 32, 48, 33, 35, 44, 51, 45, 52, 53, 38, 38, 49, 66, 46, 45, 39, 44, 42, 49, 52, 41, 31, 44, 43, 45, 39, 43, 47, 40)

sample2 = c(46, 58, 40, 36, 46, 47, 59, 41, 34, 59, 45, 44, 28, 37, 47, 38, 54, 55, 36, 55, 36, 39, 51, 48, 47, 48, 44, 44, 12, 47, 32, 53, 60, 57, 53, 42, 41, 56, 43, 67, 43, 52, 60, 52, 34, 56, 58, 41)

z.test(sample1, sample2, mu=0, sigmax=9, sigmay=9)

The p-value follows “p-value =” near the top of the output.

Show the Excel Code

Hide the Excel Code

The z-procedures are sensitive to knowing the population variance. Logic dictates that if we do not know the population mean, then we will not know the population variance. As such, the z-procedures are rarely used now. As such, there is no z-test in the base Excel program.

Copy and paste the following code into your Excel spreadsheet window, making sure the value sample1 ends up in A1 after pasting.

How to calculate the expected value in Excel.
sample1	sample2
53	46	mu d:	0
52	58	sigma1:	9
48	40	sigma2:	9
31	36
47	46	ts:	=(AVERAGE(A:A)-AVERAGE(B:B)-D2)/SQRT(D3^2/COUNT(A:A)+D4^2/COUNT(B:B))
42	47	p-value:	=2*NORM.DIST(-ABS(D6),0,1,TRUE)
32	59
37	41
44	34
44	59
32	45
29	44
55	28
51	37
39	47
55	38
41	54
38	55
50	36
50	55
53	36
48	39
33	51
47	48
32	47
48	48
33	44
35	44
44	12
51	47
45	32
52	53
53	60
38	57
38	53
49	42
66	41
46	56
45	43
39	67
44	43
42	52
49	60
52	52
41	34
31	56
44	58
43	41
45
39
43
47
40

The z test statistic is the number calculated in cell D6. The p-value is in cell D7. Again, when you paste this code into Excel, make sure that you start the pasting in cell A1. To help with that, you may want to also copy this notice. It seems to help.

© Ole J. Forsberg, Ph.D. 2024. All rights reserved.		.

Calculating the P-Value

The Problem

Information given:

Your Answer

Another Set of Data

Assistance